The competencies of an entrepreneurial mindset
Fifteen principal competencies, mapped and defined, so that entrepreneurship programmes can be designed around what they intend to develop — and measured on whether they developed it.
Introduction
What MecFrame is
An entrepreneurial mindset is made up of competencies and characteristics that people draw on when building a new venture, whether inside an organisation or outside it. The research on this is extensive; a usable catalogue of it is not. We reviewed the principal published work — acknowledged below — and brought our own experience of entrepreneurial education to bear on it.
The result is the Mashauri Entrepreneurial Competency Framework, or MecFrame: 15 principal competencies, each with a set of sub-competencies beneath it.
Every sub-competency is classified as either a capability or a characteristic. The distinction matters because it tells you how to develop it.
Why it matters
A taxonomy turns intent into design. With MecFrame, your institution can build a programme around the competencies it means to develop, then measure whether the programme actually developed them.
How to read the classifications
A cognitive skill. Developed through education and training.
A non-cognitive skill. Developed through practice and experiential learning.
Both apply. Taught, then built through repeated practice.
The framework
The 15 principal competencies
Select any card to open the sub-competencies beneath it. For everything on a single page, download the PDF.
01Identify opportunities
Identify opportunities across different domains.
1.1 Identify problems of others
CapabilityIdentify problems that others are facing and see the potential to assist them in solving those problems.
1.2 Identify problems through observation
CapabilityObserve the environment to identify opportunities.
1.3 Identify inefficiencies in existing products
CapabilityIdentify inefficiencies in existing products and services to uncover opportunities.
1.4 Opportunities from future needs
CapabilityIdentify opportunities derived from trends and future needs.
1.5 Business model opportunities
CapabilityIdentify opportunities through business model invention and refinement.
02Venture ideation
Create, refine and assess new business ideas.
2.1 Creation of a new business idea
CapabilityRecognise how an idea may be developed to create economic or social value.
2.2 Definition of problem, offer and customer
CapabilityIdentify the underlying problem, the opportunity to address and the customer to serve.
2.3 Customer-based product development
CapabilityUse human-centred design and other creative processes to design an offer that meets customer needs.
2.4 Test a new business idea
CapabilityDesign and implement techniques and tests to validate the idea.
2.5 Develop a vision
CapabilityDevelop a vision of a future in which the problem is solved.
03Creativity
Develop valuable ideas through innovation.
3.1 Idea development
CapabilityDevelop ideas that solve problems that others or we ourselves are facing.
3.2 Curiosity mindset
CharacteristicIdentify multiple ways of solving problems by maintaining a curious, open mindset and applying critical thinking.
3.3 Using innovation
CapabilityUnderstand how to use innovative processes to create value from ideas.
3.4 Resource innovation
CapabilityUse resources at hand to create value from ideas.
04Customer focus
Design the business around the customer.
4.1 Problem exploration
CapabilityIdentify the pain points and challenges people experience around the problem that needs to be solved.
4.2 Problem-solving
CapabilityIdentify a value proposition that appeals to customers facing the problem you are solving.
4.3 Early problem testing
CapabilityDesign tests and undertake customer research to validate and gain insights into the problem.
4.4 Customer validation
CapabilityDevelop a target-customer persona and undertake research to validate the customer, clarify their needs and map their journey.
4.5 Customer feedback
CapabilityConstantly seek customer feedback.
05Problem-solving mindset
Seek ways through problems and challenges rather than letting them become obstacles.
5.1 Problem analysis capability
CapabilityUse tools and techniques to understand the root causes of problems.
5.2 Systems thinking
CapabilityRecognise and analyse interconnections and interdependencies within a complex system to address problems holistically.
5.3 Research and examples
CapabilityResearch how others have solved similar or analogous problems.
5.4 Team approach to problem-solving
CapabilityCompile and lead a team with the expertise required to address the problem.
5.5 Problem framing
CapabilityReframe a problem to explore different ways of achieving objectives.
06Being ethical and sustainable
Think sustainably and assess the impact and potential downside of creating and capturing value.
6.1 Assess impact risk
CapabilityAssess an activity’s impact on the target group and community, as well as its broader impact on society and the environment.
6.2 Self-risk assessment
CapabilityIdentify the impact on oneself and the team.
6.3 Stakeholder risk assessment
CapabilityIdentify and assess stakeholders affected by change, including those unable to speak up, such as future generations, the climate or nature.
6.4 Design impact measures
CapabilityDesign dashboard indicators to monitor and assess the impact of the value-creating activity.
6.5 Implement and monitor the dashboard
CapabilityMonitor and control social, economic and environmental impact.
07Motivation and perseverance
Stay focused on goals and consistently apply effort and resilience.
7.1 Maintain a positive outlook
CharacteristicView temporary failures as opportunities that can lead to valuable achievements.
7.2 Leverage strengths and delegate weaknesses
CharacteristicIdentify personal strengths and weaknesses to create space to learn, improve or delegate.
7.3 Positive reflection
CharacteristicReflect on one’s own and others’ failures, identify their causes and learn from them.
7.4 Entrepreneurial confidence
CharacteristicBe confident in one’s own ability and capacity to shape the future.
7.5 Resilience — never give up
CharacteristicPersevere with business ideas even when facing extreme difficulty.
7.6 Self-evaluation and learning
CharacteristicJudge whether and how goals were achieved, evaluate performance and learn from it.
7.7 Self-improvement
CharacteristicIdentify opportunities for self-improvement.
7.8 Coping with change
CharacteristicCope with unexpected change, setbacks and failures and consider how they may become opportunities.
7.9 Maintain an optimistic perspective
CharacteristicMaintain an optimistic perspective and imbue the team with it.
08Manage uncertainty and risk
Manage risk and make decisions under uncertainty.
8.1 Taking calculated risks
CapabilityIdentify, understand and accept the risk implications of a situation or decision.
8.2 Apply the principle of affordable loss
CharacteristicFocus on investing what one is willing to lose rather than on what might be achieved if the project succeeds.
8.3 Adaptability and flexibility
CapabilityRecognise when uncertainty requires adaptability and flexibility, and implement such a strategy.
8.4 Systems thinking and scenario planning
CapabilityUse systems thinking and scenario planning to assess and manage risk and uncertainty.
8.5 Take decisions under uncertainty
CapabilityMake multi-criteria decisions even when uncertainty is high and data are limited.
8.6 Risk identification and assessment
CapabilityIdentify and assess venture risks, including internal and external factors that may have an impact.
8.7 Building a diverse network
CapabilityBuild a diverse network of contacts and information sources that offers insight into situations of risk and uncertainty.
8.8 Emotional resilience
CharacteristicDevelop emotional resilience to manage the stress created by uncertainty and risk.
09Learns from others
Learn from others and remain open to coaching.
9.1 Develop a network of mentors and advisors
CharacteristicDevelop a diverse network of mentors and advisors from whom advice and guidance can be sought.
9.2 Actively seek help
CharacteristicActively seek input and help when facing challenges.
9.3 Research analogous situations
CharacteristicWhen facing problems, research analogous situations and ask others who have faced similar circumstances.
9.4 Listen to advice and make a decision
CharacteristicListen to advice, then decide based on the inputs received and one’s own perspective.
10Networking
Continually build, use and contribute to a network.
10.1 Seek networking opportunities
CharacteristicActively seek opportunities to meet people who could add value to the network.
10.2 Interact and connect with others
CapabilityProactively interact with unfamiliar people and establish a connection.
10.3 Manage a database of contacts
CapabilityCollect relevant information about people and maintain a database of contacts.
10.4 Use the network to build a venture
CapabilityUse the network to support the organisation’s value-building activities.
10.5 Contribute through introductions
CapabilityContribute to the network by introducing members to one another and to others.
11Venture communication
Communicate a venture idea persuasively.
11.1 Succinctly communicate the venture
CapabilityCommunicate the venture concept to a broad range of stakeholders clearly and in a short time.
11.2 Persuasion and negotiation
CapabilityNegotiate with and persuade others to align with the venture’s direction.
11.3 Develop a pitch deck
CapabilityDevelop a storyline and pitch deck suited to different situations.
11.4 Pitch the venture to an audience
CapabilityPitch a compelling story to an audience persuasively.
12Financial capability
Manage the venture’s cash flow and finances.
12.1 Manage cash flows
CapabilityDevelop a cash-flow forecast and manage against it.
12.2 Understand basic financial statements
CapabilityUnderstand income statements, balance sheets, cash-flow statements and budgets.
12.3 Develop and manage forecasts
CapabilityDevelop a sales forecast and manage against it.
12.4 Select a revenue model
CapabilityUnderstand different revenue models and select the optimal model for the venture.
12.5 Understand funding and cap tables
CapabilityCalculate funding requirements and understand capitalisation tables.
13Self-efficacy and self-mastery
Possess a strong sense of self-confidence and self-mastery.
13.1 Self-efficacy
CapabilityBelieve in one’s ability to perform and control one’s motivations, reactions and behaviour.
13.2 Goal setting
CharacteristicSet clear, achievable goals and break large tasks into manageable steps.
13.3 Belief in problem-solving capability
CharacteristicBelieve in one’s ability to solve problems and overcome obstacles.
13.4 Emotional regulation
CharacteristicUnderstand, manage and respond to emotions in a balanced and constructive way.
13.5 Self-motivation and maintaining passion
CharacteristicSelf-motivate and maintain drive and passion under all circumstances.
13.6 Self-reflection
CharacteristicCritically reflect on performance, learn from mistakes and accept critical feedback.
13.7 Stress management
CharacteristicManage and mitigate stress effectively.
14Action orientation
Take the initiative and focus on implementation.
14.1 Decision making
Capability + characteristicMake timely, effective decisions, often under pressure and with incomplete information.
14.2 Goal-directed action
Capability + characteristicSet clear, actionable goals and work actively towards them.
14.3 Proactive approach
Capability + characteristicAnticipate and act on future needs or changes before they happen.
14.4 Taking initiative
Capability + characteristicTake charge, create opportunities and act without needing to be told.
14.5 Focus on implementation
Capability + characteristicRapidly transform decisions into coordinated, effective action while monitoring progress in real time.
15Resource optimisation
Identify, obtain and leverage resources.
15.1 Human resource utilisation
CapabilityUse the skills, strengths and expertise of the team and partners.
15.2 Managing financial resources
CapabilityUnderstand and manage financial resources.
15.3 Leveraging technology
CapabilityUse technology across the business to improve efficiency and competitive advantage.
15.4 Vendor and supply-chain management
CapabilityManage relationships with suppliers and stakeholders to support smooth operations and resource availability.
15.5 Optimising available resources
CapabilityMake do with resources on hand rather than waiting for everything to be in place before acting.
15.6 Creative resourcing
CapabilityIdentify, repurpose or combine resources in new ways to solve problems or capture opportunities.
15.7 Time management
CapabilityUse limited time effectively to prioritise tasks and achieve goals.
Mashauri Entrepreneurial Competencies Framework © 2023 Mashauri, Simon Gifford. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
As mentioned, much research was analysed in reaching this set of competencies, but three sources must be given significant acknowledgement as important contributors to our thinking:
- EntreComp: the European entrepreneurship competence framework
- NTFE Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship
- Conversations with Allan Gray Orbis Foundation
The primary designers and authors of this work are:
Simon Gifford and Clint Davies
Uzoma Agba provided important research support.
Part of the work was supported by the Higher Education Initiative of EIT Food within the headlines Project
Mashauri Entrepreneurial Competencies Framework by Mashauri, Simon Gifford is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0