MecFrame

The competencies of an entrepreneurial mindset

Fifteen principal competencies, mapped and defined, so that entrepreneurship programmes can be designed around what they intend to develop — and measured on whether they developed it.

Introduction

What MecFrame is

An entrepreneurial mindset is made up of competencies and characteristics that people draw on when building a new venture, whether inside an organisation or outside it. The research on this is extensive; a usable catalogue of it is not. We reviewed the principal published work — acknowledged below — and brought our own experience of entrepreneurial education to bear on it.

The result is the Mashauri Entrepreneurial Competency Framework, or MecFrame: 15 principal competencies, each with a set of sub-competencies beneath it.

Every sub-competency is classified as either a capability or a characteristic. The distinction matters because it tells you how to develop it.

Why it matters

A taxonomy turns intent into design. With MecFrame, your institution can build a programme around the competencies it means to develop, then measure whether the programme actually developed them.

How to read the classifications

Capability

A cognitive skill. Developed through education and training.

Characteristic

A non-cognitive skill. Developed through practice and experiential learning.

Capability + characteristic

Both apply. Taught, then built through repeated practice.

The framework

The 15 principal competencies

Select any card to open the sub-competencies beneath it. For everything on a single page, download the PDF.

01

Identify opportunities

Identify opportunities across different domains.

1.1 Identify problems of others

Capability

Identify problems that others are facing and see the potential to assist them in solving those problems.

1.2 Identify problems through observation

Capability

Observe the environment to identify opportunities.

1.3 Identify inefficiencies in existing products

Capability

Identify inefficiencies in existing products and services to uncover opportunities.

1.4 Opportunities from future needs

Capability

Identify opportunities derived from trends and future needs.

1.5 Business model opportunities

Capability

Identify opportunities through business model invention and refinement.

02

Venture ideation

Create, refine and assess new business ideas.

2.1 Creation of a new business idea

Capability

Recognise how an idea may be developed to create economic or social value.

2.2 Definition of problem, offer and customer

Capability

Identify the underlying problem, the opportunity to address and the customer to serve.

2.3 Customer-based product development

Capability

Use human-centred design and other creative processes to design an offer that meets customer needs.

2.4 Test a new business idea

Capability

Design and implement techniques and tests to validate the idea.

2.5 Develop a vision

Capability

Develop a vision of a future in which the problem is solved.

03

Creativity

Develop valuable ideas through innovation.

3.1 Idea development

Capability

Develop ideas that solve problems that others or we ourselves are facing.

3.2 Curiosity mindset

Characteristic

Identify multiple ways of solving problems by maintaining a curious, open mindset and applying critical thinking.

3.3 Using innovation

Capability

Understand how to use innovative processes to create value from ideas.

3.4 Resource innovation

Capability

Use resources at hand to create value from ideas.

04

Customer focus

Design the business around the customer.

4.1 Problem exploration

Capability

Identify the pain points and challenges people experience around the problem that needs to be solved.

4.2 Problem-solving

Capability

Identify a value proposition that appeals to customers facing the problem you are solving.

4.3 Early problem testing

Capability

Design tests and undertake customer research to validate and gain insights into the problem.

4.4 Customer validation

Capability

Develop a target-customer persona and undertake research to validate the customer, clarify their needs and map their journey.

4.5 Customer feedback

Capability

Constantly seek customer feedback.

05

Problem-solving mindset

Seek ways through problems and challenges rather than letting them become obstacles.

5.1 Problem analysis capability

Capability

Use tools and techniques to understand the root causes of problems.

5.2 Systems thinking

Capability

Recognise and analyse interconnections and interdependencies within a complex system to address problems holistically.

5.3 Research and examples

Capability

Research how others have solved similar or analogous problems.

5.4 Team approach to problem-solving

Capability

Compile and lead a team with the expertise required to address the problem.

5.5 Problem framing

Capability

Reframe a problem to explore different ways of achieving objectives.

06

Being ethical and sustainable

Think sustainably and assess the impact and potential downside of creating and capturing value.

6.1 Assess impact risk

Capability

Assess an activity’s impact on the target group and community, as well as its broader impact on society and the environment.

6.2 Self-risk assessment

Capability

Identify the impact on oneself and the team.

6.3 Stakeholder risk assessment

Capability

Identify and assess stakeholders affected by change, including those unable to speak up, such as future generations, the climate or nature.

6.4 Design impact measures

Capability

Design dashboard indicators to monitor and assess the impact of the value-creating activity.

6.5 Implement and monitor the dashboard

Capability

Monitor and control social, economic and environmental impact.

07

Motivation and perseverance

Stay focused on goals and consistently apply effort and resilience.

7.1 Maintain a positive outlook

Characteristic

View temporary failures as opportunities that can lead to valuable achievements.

7.2 Leverage strengths and delegate weaknesses

Characteristic

Identify personal strengths and weaknesses to create space to learn, improve or delegate.

7.3 Positive reflection

Characteristic

Reflect on one’s own and others’ failures, identify their causes and learn from them.

7.4 Entrepreneurial confidence

Characteristic

Be confident in one’s own ability and capacity to shape the future.

7.5 Resilience — never give up

Characteristic

Persevere with business ideas even when facing extreme difficulty.

7.6 Self-evaluation and learning

Characteristic

Judge whether and how goals were achieved, evaluate performance and learn from it.

7.7 Self-improvement

Characteristic

Identify opportunities for self-improvement.

7.8 Coping with change

Characteristic

Cope with unexpected change, setbacks and failures and consider how they may become opportunities.

7.9 Maintain an optimistic perspective

Characteristic

Maintain an optimistic perspective and imbue the team with it.

08

Manage uncertainty and risk

Manage risk and make decisions under uncertainty.

8.1 Taking calculated risks

Capability

Identify, understand and accept the risk implications of a situation or decision.

8.2 Apply the principle of affordable loss

Characteristic

Focus on investing what one is willing to lose rather than on what might be achieved if the project succeeds.

8.3 Adaptability and flexibility

Capability

Recognise when uncertainty requires adaptability and flexibility, and implement such a strategy.

8.4 Systems thinking and scenario planning

Capability

Use systems thinking and scenario planning to assess and manage risk and uncertainty.

8.5 Take decisions under uncertainty

Capability

Make multi-criteria decisions even when uncertainty is high and data are limited.

8.6 Risk identification and assessment

Capability

Identify and assess venture risks, including internal and external factors that may have an impact.

8.7 Building a diverse network

Capability

Build a diverse network of contacts and information sources that offers insight into situations of risk and uncertainty.

8.8 Emotional resilience

Characteristic

Develop emotional resilience to manage the stress created by uncertainty and risk.

09

Learns from others

Learn from others and remain open to coaching.

9.1 Develop a network of mentors and advisors

Characteristic

Develop a diverse network of mentors and advisors from whom advice and guidance can be sought.

9.2 Actively seek help

Characteristic

Actively seek input and help when facing challenges.

9.3 Research analogous situations

Characteristic

When facing problems, research analogous situations and ask others who have faced similar circumstances.

9.4 Listen to advice and make a decision

Characteristic

Listen to advice, then decide based on the inputs received and one’s own perspective.

10

Networking

Continually build, use and contribute to a network.

10.1 Seek networking opportunities

Characteristic

Actively seek opportunities to meet people who could add value to the network.

10.2 Interact and connect with others

Capability

Proactively interact with unfamiliar people and establish a connection.

10.3 Manage a database of contacts

Capability

Collect relevant information about people and maintain a database of contacts.

10.4 Use the network to build a venture

Capability

Use the network to support the organisation’s value-building activities.

10.5 Contribute through introductions

Capability

Contribute to the network by introducing members to one another and to others.

11

Venture communication

Communicate a venture idea persuasively.

11.1 Succinctly communicate the venture

Capability

Communicate the venture concept to a broad range of stakeholders clearly and in a short time.

11.2 Persuasion and negotiation

Capability

Negotiate with and persuade others to align with the venture’s direction.

11.3 Develop a pitch deck

Capability

Develop a storyline and pitch deck suited to different situations.

11.4 Pitch the venture to an audience

Capability

Pitch a compelling story to an audience persuasively.

12

Financial capability

Manage the venture’s cash flow and finances.

12.1 Manage cash flows

Capability

Develop a cash-flow forecast and manage against it.

12.2 Understand basic financial statements

Capability

Understand income statements, balance sheets, cash-flow statements and budgets.

12.3 Develop and manage forecasts

Capability

Develop a sales forecast and manage against it.

12.4 Select a revenue model

Capability

Understand different revenue models and select the optimal model for the venture.

12.5 Understand funding and cap tables

Capability

Calculate funding requirements and understand capitalisation tables.

13

Self-efficacy and self-mastery

Possess a strong sense of self-confidence and self-mastery.

13.1 Self-efficacy

Capability

Believe in one’s ability to perform and control one’s motivations, reactions and behaviour.

13.2 Goal setting

Characteristic

Set clear, achievable goals and break large tasks into manageable steps.

13.3 Belief in problem-solving capability

Characteristic

Believe in one’s ability to solve problems and overcome obstacles.

13.4 Emotional regulation

Characteristic

Understand, manage and respond to emotions in a balanced and constructive way.

13.5 Self-motivation and maintaining passion

Characteristic

Self-motivate and maintain drive and passion under all circumstances.

13.6 Self-reflection

Characteristic

Critically reflect on performance, learn from mistakes and accept critical feedback.

13.7 Stress management

Characteristic

Manage and mitigate stress effectively.

14

Action orientation

Take the initiative and focus on implementation.

14.1 Decision making

Capability + characteristic

Make timely, effective decisions, often under pressure and with incomplete information.

14.2 Goal-directed action

Capability + characteristic

Set clear, actionable goals and work actively towards them.

14.3 Proactive approach

Capability + characteristic

Anticipate and act on future needs or changes before they happen.

14.4 Taking initiative

Capability + characteristic

Take charge, create opportunities and act without needing to be told.

14.5 Focus on implementation

Capability + characteristic

Rapidly transform decisions into coordinated, effective action while monitoring progress in real time.

15

Resource optimisation

Identify, obtain and leverage resources.

15.1 Human resource utilisation

Capability

Use the skills, strengths and expertise of the team and partners.

15.2 Managing financial resources

Capability

Understand and manage financial resources.

15.3 Leveraging technology

Capability

Use technology across the business to improve efficiency and competitive advantage.

15.4 Vendor and supply-chain management

Capability

Manage relationships with suppliers and stakeholders to support smooth operations and resource availability.

15.5 Optimising available resources

Capability

Make do with resources on hand rather than waiting for everything to be in place before acting.

15.6 Creative resourcing

Capability

Identify, repurpose or combine resources in new ways to solve problems or capture opportunities.

15.7 Time management

Capability

Use limited time effectively to prioritise tasks and achieve goals.

Mashauri Entrepreneurial Competencies Framework © 2023 Mashauri, Simon Gifford. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

As mentioned, much research was analysed in reaching this set of competencies, but three sources must be given significant acknowledgement as important contributors to our thinking:

  1. EntreComp: the European entrepreneurship competence framework
  2. NTFE Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship
  3. Conversations with Allan Gray Orbis Foundation 

The primary designers and authors of this work are:

Simon Gifford and Clint Davies
Uzoma Agba provided important research support.

Part of the work was supported by the Higher Education Initiative of EIT Food within the headlines Project

Mashauri Entrepreneurial Competencies Framework by Mashauri, Simon Gifford is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

EIT Food